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A Guide to the Navy

A Guide to the Navy

What is the United States Navy?


The United States Navy is the branch of the armed forces responsible for marine-based military deployment; the division of the armed forces known as the Marines isconsidered to be a subdivision of the United States Navy, which is responsible for marine-based, on and offshore ground deployment of military activity. The United States Navy undergoes their military operations through the usage of a variety of military equipment and technology; the United States Navy operates a variety of naval – as well as airborne – military instrumentation.
Jurisdiction over the United States Navy


The United States Department of Defense operates under Federal Law as per the guidelines expressed within the disbursement of a triune governmental oversight system, which allows for the United States Navy to exist under the jurisdiction of the Executive branch of the government; this results in the appointment of the President of the United States as the Commander in Chief of the entirety of the Armed Forces. However, Military Law – a legal field classified as a subgenre of Federal Law – typically addresses the activity and behavior of military personnel.

The United States Navy Judicial system

As a service member, an individual will typically undergo circumstances that are unique to military service:
Civil Law vs. Military Law: On one hand, military law is similar to civil law in the manner that applicable legal codes specify any or all punitive recourse with regard to crimes and offenses; military law offers a specific framework for conducting, trying, and sentencing. On the other hand, military law differs from civil law – specifically with regard to matters concerning Navy – as such matters are neither standard nor applicable to civilian legislative parameters. As a result, legality specific to military service may be subject to military judicial review, as well as military court-mandated classification and punishment(s)
Court Martial: The procedures and legislative process implicit within the investigation – and prospective lawsuit – with regard to issues involving Military Law and the United States Navy may vary on an individual, case-by-case basis. A court martial exists in the event that an offense is deemed to be under the jurisdiction of both military court judicial review, as well as military court oversight; court martials may mirror the legal process that exists within civil court, yet military personnel – service members and prisoners of war – are the only individuals able to be subject to such proceedings.
The United States Navy and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
Individuals in the service of the United States Military are typically subject to their respective adherence to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ); the UCMJ is considered to be a code of legislative protocol with regard to legal matters applicable to service members – service members may be subject to be tried under military court in lieu of civil court. Those serving in the United States Military do so under the implicit understanding service members may be subject to Military Court hearings in lieu of Civil Court hearings. Matters undertaken under the jurisdiction of the military, such as the United States Navy, will be assessed by court officials appointed for the oversight of such matters.

A Guide to the ROTC

A Guide to the ROTC

What is the ROTC?
The ROTC stands for the Reserves Officers’ Training Corps. The ROTC is a college-based officer commissioning program that is offered predominantly in the United States of America. 
The ROTC is designed as a college elective (an optional course load that carries college credits) that focuses on building students through leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and the institution of various professional ethics.
The ROTC is effective in that it produces officers in all branches of the United States Armed Forces (with the exception of the United States Coast Guard). The ROTC graduates constitute approximately 56 percent of the U.S. Army, 11 percent of the United States Marine Corps, 20 percent of the United States Navy, and nearly 42 percent of the United States Air Force Officers. These statistics demonstrate that nearly 40 percent of all active officers in the armed services unit of the United States are graduates of ROTC programs. 
The ROTC units are organized as companies, brigades, and battalions. For example, the Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into various branches, flights, squadrons and groups. Furthermore, the NAVAL ROTC units are organized in battalions. 
The majority of Marine students within an ROTC program are integrated with the naval students; however, the Navy students are organized based on departments and divisions (similar to the organizational structure of a standard ship) and the Marines are organized in a separate company when a particular ROTC unit does not possess sufficient members to warrant an additional division. 
The Army branch of the ROTC is the largest branch of the Reserves Officers Training Corps. This is primarily due to the fact that the Army is the largest branch of the military. The Army Reserves Officers Training Corps provides the majority of officers in the Army; the remainder of the officers comes from West Point and Officer Candidate Schools or from direct commissions.
The Naval portion of the Reserves Officers’ Training Corps was founded in 1926 and the United States Marine Corps later joined in 1932.
The first Air Force Reserves Officers Training Corps unit was established in 1922 at the University of California Berkley, The Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Illinois, MIT, Texas A&M University, and the University of Washington. 

A Guide to the National Guard

A Guide to the National Guard

National Guard Defined:
The National Guard of the United States is a reserve military force composed of militia members composed of individual state citizens. The United States’ National Guard is a federally recognized active armed service unit of the Army. 
The National Guard is a joint reserve unit of the United States Army, the United States Air Force and two additional subcomponents: the Army National Guard of the United States for the Army and the Air Force’s Air National Guard of the United States. 
The National Guard was established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code; the National Guard is affirmed as a branch of the military who serves as part of the first-line defense of the United States of America. 
The National Guard is divided into various united who stationed in each of the 50 states and operates under their respective state governors or territorial adjutant general. Dissimilar to other armed forces unit, the National Guard is not always active; the National Guard must be called for active duty by the particular state governors or territorial adjutant general. Typically the National Guard will be called to service to aid in situations of distress and to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, fires, and earthquakes. 
The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity under the Department of Defense. The National Guard Bureau offers a line of communication for the National Guard to the United States Department of Defense. Additionally, the National Guard Bureau provides policies and requirements for training and funds for both the Army National Guard and the state Air National Guard unity. The Bureau allocates federal funds to the National Guard to help carry out the unit’s functions and services. 
Similar to other branches of the armed services, the National Guard must adhere to the legality regulations imposed by the Federal and State governments of the United States

Military Law vs. Federal Law
The United States Department of Defense operates under Federal Law as per the guidelines expressed within the disbursement of a triune governmental oversight system, which allows for the United States National Guard to exist under the jurisdiction of the Executive branch of the government; this results in the appointment of the President of the United States as the Commander in Chief of the entirety of the Armed Forces. However, Military Law – a legal field classified as a subgenre of Federal Law – typically addresses the activity and behavior of military personnel; this can include:
Absent Without Leave (AWOL): The unlawful desertion of a service member with regard to their respective commitment to the United States National Guard; individuals deemed to have abandoned positions may be tried by military court and subsequently court martialed.
Martial Law: Martial Law is the instatement of Military rule over specific jurisdictions within a country or nation; in many cases with regard to the implementation of heightened security measures, the United States National Guard may be appointed in the event that the acting body of civil law enforcement is unable to maintain sufficient order.
Judge Advocate General (JAG Corps): The JAG Corps – or Judge Advocate General Corps – are classified as the acting legal body within the United states National Guard. JAG Corps not only oversee the court martial process, but also are responsible for upholding the maintenance of the protocols and parameters expressed within the UCMJ; in many cases, the legal issues addressed by the acting JAG Corps are specific – these include: war crimes, treason, sedition, refusal to obey orders, undue violence, and offenses directed against military personnel.

Read to Learn What a Veteran Is

Read to Learn What a Veteran Is

What is a Veteran?
A veteran is an individual who has gone through long service or experience in a particular occupation or field. Specifically, the term is most commonly attached to experiences and service sacrificed in times of war. 
A military veteran is a person who has served (or who is currently serving) in the armed services units of the United States. As a result of this status, a military veteran has direct exposure to acts of military conflict, specifically instances of armed combat. 
Following their stints in the armed forces unit, a Veteran is susceptible to the same liability in regards to illegal actions as an everyday citizen would be. That being said, there are numerous government grants that are offered to servicemen to aid in their transition back to “everyday life.” Additionally, the following bullet points will illustrate and elucidate upon the military court system as well as the federal laws, which are aimed at regulating military procedure. 

Law as it pertains to the Military:
The United States Department of Defense operates under Federal Law as per the guidelines expressed within the disbursement of a triune governmental oversight system, which allows for the United States # to exist under the jurisdiction of the Executive branch of the government; this results in the appointment of the President of the United States as the Commander in Chief of the entirety of the Armed Forces. However, Military Law – a legal field classified as a subgenre of Federal Law – typically addresses the activity and behavior of military personnel; this can include:
Absent Without Leave (AWOL): The unlawful desertion of a service member with regard to their respective commitment to the United States #; individuals deemed to have abandoned positions may be tried by military court and subsequently court martialed.
Martial Law: Martial Law is the instatement of Military rule over specific jurisdictions within a country or nation; in many cases with regard to the implementation of heightened security measures, the United States # may be appointed in the event that the acting body of civil law enforcement is unable to maintain sufficient order.
Judge Advocate General (JAG Corps): The JAG Corps – or Judge Advocate General Corps – are classified as the acting legal body within the United states #. JAG Corps not only oversee the court martial process, but also are responsible for upholding the maintenance of the protocols and parameters expressed within the UCMJ; in many cases, the legal issues addressed by the acting JAG Corps are specific – these include: war crimes, treason, sedition, refusal to obey orders, undue violence, and offenses directed against military personnel. 

Military Spouses Residency Relief Act

Military Spouses Residency Relief Act

 

MILITARY SPOUSES RESIDENCY RELIEF ACT TEXT

What is the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act?

The Military Spouses Residency Relief Act was signed into law on November 11, 2009.  The law makes changes to the tax code and voter requirements of the spouses of members of the United States Armed Forces.  The Act allows the spouses of military personnel who are stationed in another state, away from their domicile, to claim the tax benefits associated with their domiciled state instead of having to file tax returns for both the domiciled state and the residing state.  The Act applies to income from self-employment as well as employee income.  It also applies to personal property.  The Act does not affect the disposition of real property.  Issues regarding real property, such as houses and land, are considered to be under the jurisdiction in which the real property is situated in. 

Why was the Military Spouses Residency Act passed?

Under the previous federal law spouses of military personnel were required to file tax returns for the state in which they were domiciled and also in the state where they resided with their active duty spouse.  The law was enacted to make it easier for spouses of military personnel and provide them with the same tax benefits as their military personnel spouses.

What are the requirements of the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act?

In order for a the spouse of a member of the armed forces to be eligible to receive military spouse status the spouse must be living in a state other than that which is designated as his/her domicile; the spouse has relocated to that location for the sole reason of staying with the spouse; the military spouse is living in the non-domicile state as per requirements of his or her active duty.

WHAT IS A DOMICILE?

There is a difference between a domicile and a residence.  An individual can have more than one residence but only one domicile.  A domicile is the place where an individual legally resides or has the intention of residing in the near future.  This is to say that if an individual has his or her primary residence in New Jersey and has a summer house in Montana then he or she has two residences.  However, because New Jersey is where the individual maintains a permanent residence it is his or her domicile. 

The designation of a domicile is not always cut and dry.  A domicile is created when that person leaves his or her former domicile and embarks on entering a new domicile.  The individual will be designated as having a new domicile when he or she enters the new state with the intention of living there permanently.

Intention is not bases solely on the opinion of the individual's statements.  When courts consider domicile of an individual they look at bank records, drivers licenses, tax returns, job locations and a number of other factors.

What must be provided to the government to by a military spouse?

In order to qualify for the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act a spouse must offer documentation that specifically confirms the individual is a spouse of a member of the United States Armed Forces who is living outside of his or her domicile for the sole purpose of complying with military requirements.  These documents include:

• Spouses military ID card

• Serviceman's Leave and Earnings Statement

• Serviceman's W-2

• Spouse's drivers license

• Spouse's voter registration card

• Marriage license or divorce decree

• Declaration of permanent state of residency

What are the benefits of the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act?

The main benefit associated with the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act is the option of choosing a domicile.  When a serviceman is relocated to a military designated location outside the stat of the individuals domicile the spouse of that serviceman has the option of relocating to that location and taking advantage of that states tax laws.  However, the spouse has this as an option.  If he or she wishes they may still claim the domicile as the only designated state which should be privy to state income taxes.  In the alternative, the spouse may choose to adopt the serviceman's stationed location as the new domicile.

There are many things to consider when contemplating this option.  Every state has different laws affecting taxation, divorce, child custody, personal property rights, in-state tuition for state universities and a plethora of other regulations that make it advantageous to change one's domicile.  

The Military Spouses Residency Relief Act also allows spouses who relocate to their serviceman spouses stationed residency to maintain voter rights in the domiciled state of the spouse.  This means that in order for the spouse to be able to vote he or she will be required to re-enter the domiciled state or send in an absentee ballot.

Currently there are 9 states in the Union that do not have state income taxes.  Those are: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wyoming.  Therefore it is beneficial for the spouse of a serviceman to retain this as his or her domicile.  

What to do if you are a spouse of a serviceman?

If you are the spouse of a member of the United States Armed Forces it is beneficial to discuss the issue of the Military Spouses Residence Relief Act with a lawyer or someone provided by the military to counsel on these matters.  Changing a domicile can have far reaching and long lasting effects when concerning tax and property rights.  It is important to speak with someone before any decisions are made.

 

Military Spouses Residency Relief Act Text

Military Spouses Residency Relief Act Text

 

One Hundred Eleventh Congress

of the

United States of America

AT THE FIRST SESSION

Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday,

the sixth day of January, two thousand and nine

An Act

To amend the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to guarantee the equity of spouses of military personnel with regard to matters of residency, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘Military Spouses Residency Relief Act’.

SEC. 2. GUARANTEE OF RESIDENCY FOR SPOUSES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL FOR VOTING PURPOSES.

(a) In General- Section 705 of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. App. 595) is amended–

(1) by striking ‘For’ and inserting the following:

‘(a) In General- For’;

(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:

‘(b) Spouses- For the purposes of voting for any Federal office (as defined in section 301 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C. 431)) or a State or local office, a person who is absent from a State because the person is accompanying the person’s spouse who is absent from that same State in compliance with military or naval orders shall not, solely by reason of that absence–

‘(1) be deemed to have lost a residence or domicile in that State, without regard to whether or not the person intends to return to that State;

‘(2) be deemed to have acquired a residence or domicile in any other State; or

‘(3) be deemed to have become a resident in or a resident of any other State.’; and

(3) in the section heading, by inserting ‘and spouses of military personnel’ before the period at the end.

(b) Clerical Amendment- The table of contents in section 1(b) of such Act (50 U.S.C. App. 501) is amended by striking the item relating to section 705 and inserting the following new item:

‘Sec. 705. Guarantee of residency for military personnel and spouses of military personnel.’.

(c) Application- Subsection (b) of section 705 of such Act (50 U.S.C. App. 595), as added by subsection (a) of this section, shall apply with respect to absences from States described in such subsection (b) on or after the date of the enactment of this Act, regardless of the date of the military or naval order concerned.

SEC. 3. DETERMINATION FOR TAX PURPOSES OF RESIDENCE OF SPOUSES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL.

(a) In General- Section 511 of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. App. 571) is amended–

(1) in subsection (a)–

(A) by striking ‘A servicemember’ and inserting the following:

‘(1) IN GENERAL- A servicemember’; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

‘(2) SPOUSES- A spouse of a servicemember shall neither lose nor acquire a residence or domicile for purposes of taxation with respect to the person, personal property, or income of the spouse by reason of being absent or present in any tax jurisdiction of the United States solely to be with the servicemember in compliance with the servicemember’s military orders if the residence or domicile, as the case may be, is the same for the servicemember and the spouse.’;

(2) by redesignating subsections (c), (d), (e), and (f) as subsections (d), (e), (f), and (g), respectively;

(3) by inserting after subsection (b) the following new subsection:

‘(c) Income of a Military Spouse- Income for services performed by the spouse of a servicemember shall not be deemed to be income for services performed or from sources within a tax jurisdiction of the United States if the spouse is not a resident or domiciliary of the jurisdiction in which the income is earned because the spouse is in the jurisdiction solely to be with the servicemember serving in compliance with military orders.’; and

(4) in subsection (d), as redesignated by paragraph (2)–

(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘or the spouse of a servicemember’ after ‘The personal property of a servicemember’; and

(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘or the spouse’s’ after ‘servicemember’s’.

(b) Application- Subsections (a)(2) and (c) of section 511 of such Act (50 U.S.C. App. 571), as added by subsection (a) of this section, and the amendments made to such section 511 by subsection (a)(4) of this section, shall apply with respect to any return of State or local income tax filed for any taxable year beginning with the taxable year that includes the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 4. SUSPENSION OF LAND RIGHTS RESIDENCY REQUIREMENT FOR SPOUSES OF MILITARY PERSONNEL.

(a) In General- Section 508 of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. App. 568) is amended in subsection (b) by inserting ‘or the spouse of such servicemember’ after ‘a servicemember in military service’.

(b) Application- The amendment made by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to servicemembers in military service (as defined in section 101 of such Act (50 U.S.C. App. 511)) on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.

 

With Pentagon Sued, Questions Erupt Over Women in Combat

With Pentagon Sued, Questions Erupt Over Women in Combat

 

Historically, American women have served the military primarily as nurses, medics, and other non-combat support roles.  While women have worked in combat zones in every war since the Revolutionary War, they have not been enlisted as combat troops.  The American Civil Liberties Union announced today that it is suing the Department of Defense in order to end the policy of sex discrimination of combat troops.

If the courts ruled in the ACLU's favor, this would represent perhaps the largest shift ever of women's military roles in the United States.  While asking for women to be represented in combat roles even a decade ago might have been viewed as a major issue, several key factors have changed since that time.

One of those factors is that today's Supreme Court has three women, not just two, and those women have been highly influential in court decisions.  Another is the end of the “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy, which some felt reflected an increasing willingness for the military to liberalize its attitudes about both gender and sexuality.

Historically, intermediate scrutiny has been applied to claims of gender discrimination.  This means that if there is an important governmental interest in having the discriminatory law, it can still be applied constitutionally (for example, sex-segregated bathrooms are generally assumed to be important from a public safety perspective).  The U.S. government has so far kept women out of combat roles by saying that morale would be affected by women's presence as combat troops.

However, the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have changed how the military handles women in combat zones, according to the ACLU's lawsuit.  Today, women who are classified as non-combat troops are still likely to fight in combat zones, and many are wounded or killed while engaging in combat.

The real effect of the men-only combat policy, according to the plaintiffs, is to exclude women from receiving higher pay for combat duty and assignments that could lead to faster promotions.  Many women in the military today, according to the suit, would be able to advance more quickly in their military career and achieve more if they were allowed to take assignments that included combat roles.

Several of the women currently suing through the ACLU are Purple Heart recipients, meaning that they have been injured in a military conflict.  According to these women, the prohibition on female combat troops is outdated and keeps women from excelling in the military, while keeping commanding officers from being able to use the best troops for the job without regard to gender.

Although it may take some time to wind through the court system, this lawsuit could prompt President Obama to request a change in the Pentagon's policies.  Earlier this year, the Department of Defense stopped prohibiting women from being assigned to roles that would require them to live with men.

The Department of Defense has so far declined to comment on the case, and says that it reserves the right to open more jobs to women in the military.

Sources: aclu.org, uscourts.gov, usnews.com

VA Helps Military Sexual Trauma Victims Recover

VA Helps Military Sexual Trauma Victims Recover

 

Assisting soldiers in the long road of recovery is what the Department of Veterans' Affairs is all about.  While the vast majority of male soldiers are traumatized by witnessing war and devastation, female soldiers have another source of major trauma to deal with: military sexual trauma, which occurs to devastating numbers of young women in every branch of the United States armed services today.

The figures for sexual harassment and assault in the military are staggering: up to 80 percent of American servicewomen have experienced sexual harassment from other members of the military, while approximately 3 in 10 have been raped by a fellow soldier.  10 percent of military servicewomen have experienced multiple sexual assaults during their service, while 5 percent have been gang raped.

Reports of sexual assault and military sexual trauma have increased significantly since reporting changes allowed victims to report assaults confidentially.  The Department of Veterans' Affairs has responded to this increase by significantly expanding its training for staff regarding military sexual assault. 

All clinical staff at the VA are given training about how military sexual trauma can affect veterans and the current established treatment protocols for treating PTSD caused by incidents of military sexual trauma.  All patients at VA clinics who are seen for health services—even those unrelated to sexual assault—are now asked if they have ever been the victim of military sexual trauma.  Those who say they have been are given information about special VA services that may be able to help them.

Because post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is the single most common ailment affecting United States soldiers, the VA has made great strides in lessening the effects of PTSD with evidence-based treatments.  Today, there are several different outpatient and inpatient programs run by the VA for soldiers who are still suffering from past traumas and need a safe space to receive treatment and talk to mental health professionals.

The VA stresses in its publicity documents for these services that they are not dependent on having filed a complaint at the time of the harassment or assault.  Even if a service member was harassed without reporting it to anyone, they will still be eligible for military sexual trauma treatment.  What's more, with no time limits, even soldiers whose trauma took place many years ago can seek appropriate psychological and psychiatric treatment.

For women who are concerned about the presence of men at inpatient post traumatic stress disorder groups (a relatively common issue, since the huge majority of sexual violence in the U.S. military involves men assaulting women), the VA offers single sex facilities for some of its inpatient programs.  Sleeping areas are separated regardless of the inpatient program a soldier enrolls in, making it possible for survivors of rape and sexual assault to rest easier.

Even veterans who would not otherwise be eligible for other types of VA services are often eligible for services relating to military sexual trauma.  This is one of the many steps the military and VA are taking to help curb rape in the armed forces and treat assault survivors appropriately.

Source: www.VA.gov

Army Master Sergeant Illegally Exported Military Equipment

Army Master Sergeant Illegally Exported Military Equipment


Immigration and Customs Enforcement has recently announced that Fidel Ignacio Cisneros of Lynnwood, Washington was arrested and sentenced to 46 months in federal prison and two years of supervised release after he violated the Arms Export Control Act and International Traffic in Arms Regulations.  


Cisneros was a soldier in the U.S. Army and conducted multiple missions in Iraq and other hostile areas.  ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and the Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) found that Cisneros stole the following items and more:


•    three Acquired Tactical Illuminating Laser Aimers (Atilla-200 lasers)
•    an ACOG rifle scope


He brought these items back with him to Orlando without permission from the Department of Defense.  


After the items were smuggled to the United States, Cisneros put one of the Atilla-200 lasers up for auction with his eBay account, sold the device for $3,200, and shipped the device to Tokyo.  Category XII(b) of the U.S. Munitions List under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations restricts the exportation of Atilla-200 lasers without a proper license.  


Cisneros auctioned other restricted items during March of 2010.  During two different transactions, a PEQ AN/PEQ-14 night vision pointer illuminator and Thuraya Satellite phone docker FDU 2500 were shipped to California.  A Thuraya Hughes 7101 satellite GSM+GPS was shipped to Kuwait, and a PEQ/Atilla 200 rail mounted laser was shipped to Nevada.  


On January 26, 2011, Cisneros admitted that he knew he was not allowed to possess the items and knew selling the items to civilians was illegal.  All of the items were eventually recovered except for the satellite phone.  


Shane Folden, deputy special agent in charge of HSI Tampa, stated, “We have protection in place to ensure that sensitive technologies do not end up in the hands of our adversaries.  This individual, a former soldier, completely disregarded our country’s export laws solely to make a dollar.”


Source: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Armistice

Armistice

 


An armistice occurs in war when two countries or groups decide and agree to stop fighting.  The term does not necessarily mean the war is over but rather acts as a cease fire resolution until peace treaties are formed or another type of agreement is settled upon.

Perhaps the most famous armistice in history was during World War I.  Allies and Germany agreed to cease fire until the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 on November 11.  On the same day, President Wilson proclaimed the first Armistice Day and a two-minute pause of business was recognized at 11 a.m. 

The recognition of the historic day was adopted by France and the United Kingdom in 1920, and Congress went on to pass legislation over the next couple of days that eventually led to Veteran’s Day. 

For example, Congress declared November 11, 1921 a legal Federal holiday the month before on October 20.  The majority of states began to recognize November 11 as a legal holiday throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and Congress passed legislation on May 13, 1938 to make November 11 a recurring Federal holiday.  The federal government can only declare national holidays for federal employees, but most stated recognize Federal holidays now. 

On June 1, 1954, President Eisenhower signed legislation that changed the name of Armistice Day to Veteran’s Day.  Observance of the day was moved to the fourth Monday in October in 1968, but observance of the day was switched back to November 11 in 1978. 

Although the most famous armistice is associated with World War I, the cease fire agreements have continued throughout history.  The Korean War ended with a cease fire in 1953, and the Persian Gulf War ended on cease-fire terms on April 6, 1991. 

The conditions of cease fires have continued to change as many countries like the United States maintain troop control in countries that initially declared cease fires. 

 

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